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Wednesday, September 03, 2008

A Gene Map of Europe

Researchers create a picture of Europe by mapping genetic variation among Europeans.

By Duncan Graham-Rowe

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Gene map: A genetic map of Europe (above) compared with its geographic equivalent (below). The genetic map shows each of the 1,387 individuals represented by a color and a country, according to the country of origin of all four of their grandparents. The plotted points are relative to each other in terms of the similarity or dissimilarity of 200,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms--variations at single points along the genome. The larger country labels represent the center points of these populations, according to the distribution of their genetic populations. The positions of these center points appear to closely map the geographical positions of the countries involved.
Credit: John Novembre

Scientists have shown that they can use genomic analysis to pinpoint a person's geographical origins to within just a few hundred kilometers. Besides offering possibilities for the testing of genetic ancestry, the research could also have important implications for understanding the role of genes in complex diseases and other genomic-based health studies.

By plotting the differences between genetic variations of 3,000 Europeans in a two-dimensional grid, the researchers were able to reveal a pattern that looks remarkably like Europe. The scientists included researchers from Cornell University; the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); the University of Chicago; and the University of Lausanne, in Switzerland. The findings appear in this week's issue of Nature.

Others have recently published similar research, in Current Biology, says John Novembre, a coauthor of the Nature paper and an assistant professor at UCLA. But the latest study goes further, by using algorithms to try to predict a person's geographical origin based purely on his or her genetic variations, with a high degree of accuracy. The scientists were even able to reveal patterns of origin distinguishing French-, German-, and Italian-speaking groups within Switzerland.

In many respects, the results are not at all surprising, says Michael Krawczak of the Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics at the Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, in Germany, who took part in the Current Biology study. It was well established that the farther apart two people's origins, the more different their genes will be, he says. "But it had never been shown before at a genome-wide level."

One of the reasons that this is now possible is the plummeting cost of genotyping, says Novembre. The Affymetrix GeneChip measures 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)--variations at a single point in the genome--for just a few hundred dollars, he says.

Genetic samples were chosen to include individuals whose geographic ancestry could be determined, based on having all four grandparents coming from the same country.

The researchers then created a two-dimensional map with individuals positioned according to how similar or how different they are from all the others. When color-coded to show where each of their grandparents is from, the results are compelling, clearly showing the shape and boundaries of Europe.

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Comments

  • Well illustrated
    dtutelman on 09/03/2008 at 8:41 AM
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    My compliments to whoever chose the illustrations for the story. The combination of a genetic map and a political map with matching coloring told me immediately what the experiment was. I was able to read the rest of the article with more interest and more understanding than if the maps were not there.

    Thanks,
    DaveT
    Rate this comment: 12345
  • Interesting...
    lasertekk on 09/03/2008 at 2:05 PM
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    Very impressed also.  I can clearly see that some populations kept to themselves.  In much of Europe, especially the northern areas, villages were effectively isolated by huge, thick forests many hundreds if not thousands of years ago.  This prevented allot of cross contact and mixing.  This ended when locals started to clear an ever increasing amount of land for farming and livestock.
    Rate this comment: 12345
  • Interesting
    Buckwheat469 on 09/03/2008 at 5:36 PM
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    This is interesting, but is it old news? I thought I stumbled upon this some time ago. Anyway, I understand that distance in dot separation represents differences in the genome, however the article or researchers haven't discussed why some countries/cultures, like Italy and Spain, are so separated from the rest of Europe. Does it have to do with natural terrain, differences in language or physical appearance (past racism), or is there some other reason why these countries are separated from the rest?
    Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: Interesting
      chrisjmiller on 09/04/2008 at 5:04 AM
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      The obvious explanation for the separation of Italy and Spain is that they are both peninsulas separated by significant mountain ranges (the Alps and Pyrenees, respectively) from the rest of Europe.  These would have presented no barriers to coastal traders, of course, but people living in the interior would find communication difficult across these natural barriers.

      I'd be more surprised if there were such a thing as a Belgian genome - a country that didn't exist 200 years ago and having no significant barriers with its neighbours.
      Rate this comment: 12345
      • Re: Interesting
        gabrielg01 on 09/04/2008 at 2:45 PM
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        No there is no explanation to why Italy should be genetically isolated. It was the "center of the world" for thousands of years, and such power centers always attracted large numbers of immigrants. They attracted large invading armies too, which pillaged and raped (literally) the local population.
        Rate this comment: 12345
  • Fitting data to make up a story
    gabrielg01 on 09/04/2008 at 2:36 PM
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    Well, what is rather weird in the whole story is that current political entities (states) are being linked to genetic data. But numerous European states did not even exist 200-300 years ago...and many other states had a different geographical area.

    It looks like retroactive story making. You know what the conclusions are, so you just have to fit the data to it.
    Rate this comment: 12345
  • Geographic factor in the map algorithms
    Sly on 09/06/2008 at 3:50 AM
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    How comes an Italian gene is placed on the map near Italy ?
    I mean, there is a parameter that put an italian on the lower right of a french, and an english on its upper side.
    So you can't draw theories (like the comment above on the separation of Italy) based on that, since the position are already biased.
    Rate this comment: 12345
  • Where the maps
    briang1621 on 09/07/2008 at 10:11 AM
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    Where are the maps, there is only a small thumbnail?
    When a story is written accompanying media (video, & picture) must be displayed correctly. I have on many occasions read articles where the pictures or movies failed to play, or were in non-normal formats (like a movie in PDF). Being an owner of a web company, I feel that is not acceptable. 
      Thanks
    Brian
    Rate this comment: 12345
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